| Temperature Increase |
|
|
|
|
| Increased Summer Temperatures |
Highway
asphalt rutting |
|
Proper
design/construction, milling out ruts, more maintenance, overlay with more
rut-resistant asphalt |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2)
Andrey and Mills. 2003.
(3)
Hass, et al. 2006.
(4)
Black, William. 1990.
(5)
Meyers, Michael. 2006.
(6)
Barrett, et al. 2004.
(7)
Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(8) Kerr, Andrew, et al. 1999.
(9) Warren, et al. 2004.
(10)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2000.
(11)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2004.
(12)
Lockwood, Steve. 2006.
(13)
Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E. 2005.
(14)
Mills and Andrey. 2002.
(15)
OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Rail
buckling |
Potential
for derailment and malfunction of track sensors and signal sensors, increased
travel time due to speed restrictions, increased risk of hazardous material
spill |
Speed
restrictions, reducing frequency of some services, better air conditioning
for signals. Improve systems to warn and update dispatch centers, crews, and
stations. Inspect and repair tracks, track sensors, and signals. Distribute
advisories, warnings, and updates regarding the weather situation and track
conditions. |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2) Eddowes, M.J., et al. 2003.
(3) Kerr, Andrew, et al. 1999.
(4) Warren, et al. 2004.
(5)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2000.
(6)
Land Use Consultants, et al. 2002.
(7) Smyth, et al. 2002.
(8) Kerr, Andy. 2001.(9)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2004.
(10)
Rossetti. 2002.
(11)
OFCM. 2002. |
| |
More
airport runway length and fuel needed because of less dense air |
|
New
planes designed to takeoff more efficiently |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2)
Andrey and Mills. 2003.
(3)
Irwin and Johnson. 1990.
(4)
Warren, et al. 2004.
(5)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2000.
(6)
Smyth, et al. 2002.
(7)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2004. |
| |
Heat/Lack
of ventilation on underground urban transit systems |
Personnel
health/safety risk, heat exhaustion, engine/equipment heat stress. Overcrowding, failed, or delayed service
will only compound the problem. Could
cause passengers to avoid taking public transportation (mode shift). |
Install
better ventilation systems, climate monitoring systems, personnel safety and
equipment monitoring systems. |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2)
Greater London Authority. 2005.
(3)
OFCM. 2002. |
| |
|
Health and safety
risks from heat stress to highway, transit, and pipeline system operators,
maintenance personnel, and passengers; including increased risk of
collisions/spills of hazardous cargo, control system integrity |
Improve systems
to advise operators, monitor personnel, and take prescribed and precautionary
measures |
(1) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Low
water levels on inland waterways |
Increased
shipping costs; shift to other modes (rail, truck) |
Changes
to navigation, dredging of channels, flow augmentation |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2)
Andrey and Mills. 2003.
(3) Olsen, et al. 2005.
(4)
Black, William. 1990.
(5)
Irwin and Johnson. 1990.
(6)
U.S. Federal Highway Administration Office of Environment and Planning. 1998.
(7)
U.S. Department of State. 2002.
(8)
Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2004.
(9)
Sousounis, Peter J. and Jeanne M. Bisanz, Eds. 2000.
(10)
National Assessment Synthesis Team.
2000.
(11)
Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(12)
D'Arcy, Pierre. 2004.
(13)
Warren, et al. 2004.
(14)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2000.
(15)
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment, The
Netherlands. 2001.
(16)
Ruth, Matthais. 2006.
(17)
Quinn. 2002. |
| |
Thermal expansion of bridges |
Frequent detours,
traffic disruptions |
Increased ongoing
maintenance |
(1) Cohen, Susan, Soo Hoo,
Wendy K., and Sumitani, Megumi. 2005. |
| |
Overheating of
diesel engines |
|
Adaptation of
cooling systems |
(1) Entek U.K. Limited. 2000. |
| |
Increased vegetation -
leaf fall |
Ineffective
braking of rail cars, visual obstruction |
Vegetation
management, plant low-maintenance vegetation as buffer |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2) Eddowes, M.J., et al. 2003.
(3)
Land Use Consultants, et al. 2002.
(4) Smyth, et al. 2002.
(5) Kerr, Andy. 2001.
(6)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2004.
(7)
Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E. 2005. |
| |
Changes
to landscape/biodiversity |
Highway
agency owns many medians. Increased
pest management. Impact on wetlands
commitments |
Different
types of vegetation may have to be considered |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2)
Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E. 2005.
(3)
Mortenson and Bank. 2002. |
| Increased Summer Temperature and Decreased Precipitation |
Less rain to
dilute surface salt may cause steel reinforcing in concrete structures to
corrode (Australia) |
|
Better protect
reinforcing in saline environments |
(1) Norwell,
Gary. 2004. |
| Increased Winter
Temperatures |
Reduction in cold
weather rail maintenance |
Fewer broken
rails, excessive wheel wear, and frozen switches |
|
(1) Andrey and
Mills. 2002. |
| |
Longer
construction season |
Drier
and warmer days |
|
(1) Andrey and
Mills. 2003.
(2) Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E.
2005. |
| Thawing Permafrost (United States, Canada,
China) |
Road,
rail, airport, pipeline embankments will fail and shallow pile foundations
could settle |
Potential
for fewer construction problems in long run |
Crushed
rock cooling system, insulation/ground refrigeration systems, rehabilitation,
relocation, mechanically stabilize embankments against ground movement,
remove permafrost before construction |
(1) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(2) Brown, Jeff. 2005.
(3) Cheng, Guadong. 2005.
(4) Hass, et al. 2006.
(5) Black, William. 1990.
(6) Irwin and Johnson.
1990.
(7) U.S. Arctic Research Commission Permafrost
Task Force. 2003.
(8) Weller, Gunter,
et al. 1999.
(9) Grondin et
al. 2005.
(10) Wright, Fred. 2001.
(11) Warren, et al. 2004.
(12) Ruth, Matthais.
2006.
(13) Smith and Levasseur.
2002.
(14) Caldwell et al. 2002. |
| Reduction of Freezing Season for Ice
Roads (Arctic) |
Roads
unusable during certain seasons |
Shorter
shipping season, higher maintenance costs, higher life-cycle costs, seasonal
mode shift |
Reconstruction
of severely damaged infrastructure with less frost-susceptible foundation
(geosynthetic barrier), retrofitting road side drains |
(1) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(2) Lonergan, et
al. 1993.
(3) Andrey and Mills.
2003.
(4) Hass, et al. 2006.
(5) Weller, Gunter, et al.
1999.
(6) Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(7) Clayton et al. (and Montufar). 2005.
(8) Warren, et
al. 2004.
(9) Lockwood,
Steve. 2006. |
| Precipitation Increase |
|
|
|
|
| Increased Winter
Precipitation - Rain/Snow |
Flooding
of roads/airport runways/bikeways and walkways (frequency and magnitude will
increase) |
Infrastructure
deterioration (quicker with acid rain), impacts on water quality, travel and
schedule delays, loss of life and property, increased safety risks, increased
risks of hazardous cargo accidents |
Seek
alternative routes, improve flood protection, risk assessment for new roads,
emergency contingency planning, ensure bridge openings/culverts
sufficient to deal with flooding, improve drainage, improved asphalt/concrete
mixtures, perform adequate maintenance, and minimize repair backlogs |
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Andrey and Mills.
2003.
(3) Irwin and Johnson.
1990.
(4) U.S. Department of State.
2002.
(5) Kirshen, Paul H. and Matthais, Ruth. 2004.
(6) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001.
(7) Sousounis, Peter J. and Jeanne M. Bisanz, Eds. 2000.
(8) Wilkenson,
Robert. 2002.
(9) Meyers,
Michael. 2006.
(10) Barrett, et
al. 2004.
(11) Kerr, Andrew, et
al. 1999.
(12) Warren, et al. 2004.
(13) Entek U.K. Limited.
2000.
(14) Land Use Consultants, et al. 2002.
(15) Smyth, et
al. 2002.
(16) Kerr, Andy. 2001.
(17) Entek U.K. Limited.
2004.
(18) Norwell, Gary. 2004.
(19) Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E. 2005.
(20) Rossiter, Lisa.
2004.
(21) Smith, Orson. 2006.
(22) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Flooding
of rails |
Service
disruption, increased malfunctions of track or signal sensors, wash-outs and
mud slides, increased risk of hazardous material spills |
Engineering
solutions, increase advisories, warnings and updates to dispatch centers,
crews, and stations. Modify operations for current or forecast
conditions. |
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Irwin and Johnson.
1990.
(3) Eddowes, M.J., et
al. 2003.
(4) Entek U.K. Limited.
2000.
(5) Smyth, et al. 2002.
(6) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Bridge
scour |
|
Speed
restrictions, closure to traffic, new materials, better maintenance |
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Hass, et al. 2006.
(3) Kirshen, Paul H. and Matthais, Ruth. 2004.
(4) Meyers,
Michael. 2006.
(5) Eddowes, M.J., et
al. 2003.
(6) Smith, Orson. 2006.
(7) OFCM. 2002.
|
| |
Flooding
of underground transit systems |
Power
outages (third rail blowouts), complete loss of service in affected areas,
drowned passengers |
Pumping
systems |
(1)
Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2) Zimmerman, 2002a and 2002b.
(3) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Flooding
of inland marine transportation waterways |
Interruptions
of river navigation and other inland waterway activities (ferries, boating,
commerce, port operations, lock operations) |
|
(1) Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change. 2001.
(2) Ning, Zhu H., et al. 2003.
(3) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Pipeline system
flooding and damage from scouring away pipeline roadbed or unearthing buried
pipelines |
Disruption of
fuel delivery, pipeline sensor failure, disruption of construction or
maintenance cycles, leaks or other pipeline failures |
|
(1) OFCM. 2002. |
| Increased
Precipitation and Increased Summer Temperatures |
Highway,
rail, and pipeline embankments at risk of subsidence/heave |
Landslides |
Fill
cracks and carry out more maintenance |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(3)
Cohen, Susan, Soo Hoo, Wendy K., and Sumitani, Megumi. 2005.
(4) Wilkenson, Robert. 2002.
(5) Weller, Gunter, et al. 1999.
(6) Eddowes, M.J., et al. 2003.
(7) Konuk, Ibrahim. 2005.
(8)
Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(9) Kerr, Andrew, et al. 1999.
(10) Warren, et al. 2004.
(11)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2000.
(12)
Land Use Consultants, et al. 2002.
(13)
Smyth, et al. 2002.
(14)
Entek U.K. Limited. 2004.
(15)
Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E. 2005.
(16)
Rossiter, Lisa. 2004.
(17)
duVair et al. 2002.
(18)
OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Concrete deterioration |
|
|
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2)
U.S. Department of State. 2002.
(3)
OFCM. 2002. |
| |
More
frequent and larger slush-flow avalanches (Arctic) |
|
Incorporate
potential risk into planning process for new settlements, detection systems,
temporary closures |
(1) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(2)
Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(3) Warren, et al. 2004.
(4) Stethem, Chris, et al. 2003. |
| |
Altered runoff
patterns (Arctic) |
Disruption of the ice-water
balance |
|
(1)
Instanes et al.. 2005. |
| Glacial
Melting/Thermal Expansion of Oceans |
|
|
|
|
| Sea
Level Rise |
Erosion of coastal highways |
|
Construction
of sea walls |
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Black, William. 1990.
(3) U.S. Federal Highway Administration Office of Environment
and Planning. 1998.
(4) Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(5) Norwell, Gary. 2004.
(6) Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E.
2005.
(7) Ruth, Matthais. 2006.
(8) Hyman, William, et al.
1989.
(9) Titus, 2002.
(10) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Higher tides at ports/harbor
facilities |
Damage
to docks and terminals |
|
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Black, William. 1990.
(3) U.S. Department of State.
2002.
(4) Kirshen, Paul H. and Matthais, Ruth. 2004.
(5) Smyth, et al. 2002.
(6) Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment,
The Netherlands. 2001.
(7) Caldwell et al. 2002.
(8) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Deeper water |
Permit
greater ship drafts |
|
(1) Andrey and
Mills. 2003.
(2) Kerr, Andrew, et al.
1999.
(3) Titus. 2002. |
| |
Low-level aviation
infrastructure at risk |
|
Relocation
or protection of facilities |
(1) Andrey and
Mills. 2003.
(2) Committee on Engineering Implications of Change in Relative
Mean Sea Level. 1987.
(3) Warren, et al. 2004.
(4) Ruth, Matthais. 2006.
(5) Hyman, William, et al.
1989. |
| |
Less
bridge clearance |
|
|
(1) Cohen, Susan,
Soo Hoo, Wendy K., and Sumitani, Megumi.
2005.
(2) Committee on Engineering Implications of Change in Relative
Mean Sea Level. 1987.
(3) Norwell, Gary. 2004.
(4) Hyman, William, et al. 1989.
(5) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
|
More search and rescue
operations |
Obtain
more vessels with emergency towing capabilities, better weather forecasting,
change seasonal classifications of waters around coast, change ship/boat
design |
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(3) OFCM. 2002. |
| Storm Activity |
|
|
|
|
| Storm Surges |
Coastal
road flooding |
Increased
VMT and VHT; increased number of road accidents, evacuation route delays,
disruption of transit services, stranded motorists. |
Seawalls,
build more redundancy into system, support land use policies that discourage
development on shoreline, design and material changes, pumping of
underpasses, raise roads |
(1) Choo,
Kristin. 2005.
(2) U.S. Federal Highway Administration Office of Environment
and Planning. 1998.
(3) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001.
(4) Suarez, Pablo et Al.
2005.
(5) Rosenzweig, Cynthia and Soleki, William. 2001.
(6) Wilkenson, Robert.
2002.
(7) National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000.
(8) Meyers, Michael.
2006.
(9) Committee on Engineering Implications of Change in Relative
Mean Sea Level. 1987.
(10) Greater London Authority.
2005. |
| |
Railway
flooding |
Safety
risks to personnel and equipment (possible injury or death from accidents);
rail and railway roadbed damage; disruption of rail traffic; rail sensor
failure likely; increased risk of hazardous material spill. |
Seawalls,
raising rails |
(1) Black,
William. 1990.
(2) Committee on Engineering Implications of Change in Relative
Mean Sea Level. 1987.
(3) Kerr, Andrew, et al.
1999.
(4) Greater London Authority.
2005.
(5) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
Subway
flooding |
|
Flood
barriers |
(1) Choo,
Kristin. 2005.
(2) Black, William. 1990.
(3) Greater London Authority.
2005.
(4) Ruth, Matthais. 2006.
(5) Zimmerman, 2002. |
| |
Port flooding/damage |
Damage
to ports facilities from vessels tied alongside. |
Reduce
"cope" level at ports to reduce likelihood of water flowing across docks;
construct flood defense mechanisms |
(1) ABP Marine
Environmental Research Ltd 2004.
(2) Committee on Engineering Implications of Change in Relative
Mean Sea Level. 1987.
(3) Entek U.K. Limited.
2000.
(4) Land Use Consultants, et al.
2002.
(5) OFCM. 2002. |
| Increased
Frequency/Magnitude of Storms |
Damage
to infrastructure on roads, railways, pipelines, seaports, airports |
Closures
or major disruptions of roads, railways, airports, transit systems,
pipelines, marine systems and ports; emergency evacuations; travel delays |
|
(1) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(2) Smyth, et
al. 2002.
(3) Ruth, Matthais. 2006.
(4) OFCM. 2002.
(5) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. |
| Increased
Wind Speeds |
Bridges,
signs, overhead cables, railroad signals, tall structures at risk |
|
Design
structures for more turbulent wind conditions, build with better material,
use "smart" technologies to detect abnormal events |
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2) Meyers,
Michael. 2006.
(3) Eddowes, M.J., et
al. 2003.
(4) Kerr, Andrew, et
al. 1999.
(5) Kerr, Andy. 2001.
(6) Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E.
2005.
(7) OFCM. 2002. |
| |
|
Roadways: loss of
visibility from drifting snow, loss of stability/maneuverability, lane
obstruction (debris), treatment chemical dispersion, |
|
(1) OFCM.
2002. |
| |
|
Railways: Rail car blow over; schedule delays;
increased risk of hazardous material spill |
|
(1) OFCM.
2002. |
| |
|
Ship handling
becomes difficult |
|
(1) OFCM.
2002. |
| |
|
Impacts on
airport ground operations: increased incidence of foreign objects present in
aircraft movement areas, maintenance at high locations on large aircraft
impeded/slowed, snow removal and de-icing operations affected |
|
(1) OFCM.
2002. |
| Lightning/Electrical
Disturbance |
Disruption
to transportation electronic infrastructure, signaling, etc. |
Risk to personnel from lightning, maintenance
activity delays, rail and aircraft refueling operations delayed, track signal
sensor malfunction resulting in possible train delays and stops, threats to
barge tow equipment, communications and data distribution from pipeline
sensors may fail |
|
(1) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(2) Eddowes, M.J., et
al. 2003.
(3) OFCM. 2002. |
| Fewer Winter Storms |
Less
snow/ice for all modes |
Improved
mobility/safety, reduced maintenance costs, less pollution from salt,
decrease in vehicle corrosion |
|
(1) Andrey and
Mills. 2003.
(2) Black, William. 1990.
(3) Irwin and Johnson.
1990.
(4) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001.
(5) Barrett, et al. 2004.
(6) Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(7) Kerr, Andrew, et
al. 1999.
(8) Warren, et
al. 2004.
(9) Entek U.K. Limited.
2000.
(10) Land Use Consultants, et al. 2002.
(11) Entek U.K. Limited.
2004.
(12) Wooler, Sarah. 2004.
(13) Kinsella, Y. and McGuire, E. 2005.
(14) Hyman, William,
et al. 1989.
(15) Pisano et
al. 2002. |
| Ice Melting |
|
|
|
(1)
Instanes et al.. 2005 |
| Reduced Ice Cover (Canada, Alaska, Great Lakes) |
Reduced ice
loading on structures, such as bridges or piers |
|
|
.(1) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(2) Johnston, Douglas.
2002.
(3) Brigham, Lawson and Ben Ellis, Eds. 2004.
(4) Office of Naval Research, Naval Ice Center, Oceanographer of
the Navy. 2001.
(5) National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000.
(6) Marbek Resource Consultants Ltd. 2003.
(7) Warren, et al. 2004.
(8) Smith and Levasseur.
2002.
(9) Caldwell et al. 2002. |
| |
New northern shipping routes |
Shorten
shipping distance and delivery time, security concerns, environmental risks,
law-diplomacy issues, Inuit unease |
Develop a "transit
management regime" for area |
|
| |
|
Lengthened
season for float planes |
|
(1) Black,
William. 1990.
(2) Irwin and Johnson.
1990. |
| |
|
Longer shipping season |
|
(1) Wooler,
Sarah. 2004.
(2) Andrey and Mills.
2003.
(3) Black, William. 1990.
(4) Irwin and Johnson.
1990.
(5) U.S. Federal Highway Administration Office of Environment
and Planning. 1998.
(6) Sousounis, Peter J. and Jeanne M. Bisanz, Eds. 2000.
(7) National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000.
(8) Warren, et al. 2004.
(9) Ruth, Matthais. 2006.
(10) Caldwell et al.
2002. |
| |
Multiyear ice, in
low concentrations, will be hazard to ships and naval submarines |
|
New ship/submarine design or
modifications |
(1) Brigham,
Lawson and Ben Ellis, Eds. 2004.
(2) Office of
Naval Research, Naval Ice Center, Oceanographer of the Navy. 2001. |
| |
|
|
|
| Earlier River Ice Breakup
(United States, Canada) |
Ice-jam flooding risk |
|
|
(1) Instanes et al.. 2005.
(2) Hass, et al. 2006.
(3) Smith and Levasseur.
2002. |
